What are Iran and Russia’s mounting hybrid attacks on Europe?

Sir Ken McCallum, the head of Britain’s MI5, highlighted the evolving national security threats facing the U.K. and the world, emphasizing a shift towards targeting people, businesses, and communities rather than government assets. In his annual threat update, McCallum identified Russia as the primary aggressor, with Iran also posing significant threats through hybrid tactics. These tactics include using criminal proxies to intimidate oppositionists and target Jewish communities and military sites. A group called Harakat Ashab al-Yamin al-Islamiya (HAYI), linked to Iran’s Quds Force, has been responsible for several attacks, including arson and sabotage incidents in the U.K. and Europe. The group has threatened U.S. and Israeli interests, claiming responsibility for attacks like the synagogue bombing in Liège, Belgium. This situation underscores the need for a new approach to national security in response to these complex threats. QUESTION: How might the increasing use of hybrid tactics by countries like Russia and Iran impact global security and international relations in the future?